Research graph
References from Targeted therapy for brain tumors: overview and application to precision medicine. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Enabling Technologies for Personalized and Precision Medicine
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Next Generation Sequencing (NGS): A Revolutionary Technology in Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Cancer
10.1007/978-3-030-24100-1_2 · 2019 · External reference
Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges
10.1093/neuonc/nov031 · 2015 · External reference
The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary
10.1093/neuonc/noab106 · 2021 · External reference
EANO guideline on rational molecular testing of gliomas, glioneuronal, and neuronal tumors in adults for targeted therapy selection
10.1093/neuonc/noad008 · 2023 · External reference
A framework to rank genomic alterations as targets for cancer precision medicine: the ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets (ESCAT)
10.1093/annonc/mdy263 · 2018 · External reference
Recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for patients with metastatic cancers: a report from the ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group
10.1016/j.annonc.2020.07.014 · 2020 · External reference
The Somatic Genomic Landscape of Glioblastoma
10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.034 · 2013 · External reference
Signaling pathways in brain tumors and therapeutic interventions
10.1038/s41392-022-01260-z · 2023 · External reference
Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011 · 2010 · External reference
Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling – a proteomic perspective
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Molecular neuro-oncology and development of targeted therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 1: growth factor and Ras signaling pathways
10.1586/14737140.3.5.595 · 2014 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase activation in cancer
10.1186/s12943-018-0782-4 · 2018 · External reference
The Importance of Being PI3K in the RAS Signaling Network
10.3390/genes12071094 · 2021 · External reference
Aberrant G protein signaling in nervous system tumors
10.3171/jns.2002.97.3.0627 · 2002 · External reference
Blocking Ras inhibition as an antitumor strategy
10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.017 · 2019 · External reference
Small Molecule EGFR Inhibitors as Anti-Cancer Agents: Discovery, Mechanisms of Action, and Opportunities
10.3390/ijms24032651 · 2023 · External reference
Structural Insight and Development of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
10.3390/molecules27030819 · 2022 · External reference
EGFR signaling pathway as therapeutic target in human cancers
10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.04.002 · 2022 · External reference
Epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies
10.1038/s41388-017-0045-7 · 2018 · External reference
Receptor tyrosine kinases as druggable targets in glioblastoma: Do signaling pathways matter?
10.1093/noajnl/vdab133 · 2021 · External reference
The safety and efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against EGFR in patients with glioma; A systematic review, meta-analysis, and sub-group analysis on glioblastoma
10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111138 · 2025 · External reference
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Possibilities
10.3390/ijms25042316 · 2024 · External reference
Efficacy of osimertinib against EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma
10.18632/oncotarget.27599 · 2020 · External reference
Clinical activity of the
10.2217/cns-2019-0014 · 2019 · External reference
Clinical Experience using Osimertinib in Patients with Recurrent Malignant Gliomas Containing EGFR Alterations
10.26502/jcsct.5079114 · 2021 · External reference
Efficacy of osimertinib plus bevacizumab in glioblastoma patients with simultaneous EGFR amplification and EGFRvIII mutation
10.1007/s11060-021-03834-3 · 2021 · External reference
Local control of brain metastases with osimertinib alone in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer
10.1007/s11060-022-04145-x · 2022 · External reference
Osimertinib in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with asymptomatic brain metastases: an open-label, 3-arm, phase II pilot study
10.1093/noajnl/vdab188 · 2021 · External reference
Radiotherapy plus nimotuzumab or placebo in the treatment of high grade glioma patients: results from a randomized, double blind trial
10.1186/1471-2407-13-299 · 2013 · External reference
Efficacy and safety of nimotuzumab in addition to radiotherapy and temozolomide for cerebral glioblastoma: a phase II multicenter clinical trial
10.7150/jca.30123 · 2019 · External reference
CAR T Cell Therapy in Primary Brain Tumors: Current Investigations and the Future
10.3389/fimmu.2022.817296 · 2022 · External reference
EGFR806-CAR T cells selectively target a tumor-restricted EGFR epitope in glioblastoma
10.18632/oncotarget.27389 · 2019 · External reference
EGFR as a potent CAR T target in triple negative breast cancer brain metastases
10.1007/s10549-022-06783-1 · 2023 · External reference
PDGF and PDGF receptors in glioma
10.3109/03009734.2012.665097 · 2012 · External reference
Phase I/II Study of Imatinib Mesylate for Recurrent Malignant Gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 99-08
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0773 · 2006 · External reference
Phase II Study of Imatinib in Patients With Recurrent Gliomas of Various Histologies: A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group Study
10.1200/jco.2008.16.9235 · 2008 · External reference
Phase I-II trial of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec; STI571) in treatment of recurrent oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. North central cancer treatment group study N0272 (ALLIANCE/NCCTG)
10.1007/s11060-019-03194-z · 2019 · External reference
Open-Label Phase II Evaluation of Imatinib in Primary Inoperable or Incompletely Resected and Recurrent Glioblastoma
10.1159/000502483 · 2020 · External reference
Imatinib and hydroxyurea in pretreated progressive glioblastoma multiforme: a patient series
10.1093/annonc/mdi317 · 2005 · External reference
Phase II study of Gleevec plus hydroxyurea in adults with progressive or recurrent low‐grade glioma
10.1002/cncr.26541 · 2012 · External reference
Fibroblast growth factor receptors in cancer: genetic alterations, diagnostics, therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance
10.1038/s41416-020-01157-0 · 2021 · External reference
FGFR-TACC gene fusions in human glioma
10.1093/neuonc/now240 · 2017 · External reference
Selective FGFR/FGF pathway inhibitors: inhibition strategies, clinical activities, resistance mutations, and future directions
10.1080/17512433.2021.1947246 · 2021 · External reference
Phase II trial of ponatinib in patients with bevacizumab‐refractory glioblastoma
10.1002/cam4.2505 · 2019 · External reference
Phase II study of Dovitinib in recurrent glioblastoma
10.1007/s11060-019-03236-6 · 2019 · External reference
Targeted Therapy with Anlotinib for a Patient with an Oncogenic
10.1002/onco.13530 · 2021 · External reference
Anlotinib Alone or in Combination With Temozolomide in the Treatment of Recurrent High-Grade Glioma: A Retrospective Analysis
10.3389/fphar.2021.804942 · 2021 · External reference
Radiotherapy plus temozolomide with or without anlotinib in H3K27M‐mutant diffuse midline glioma: A retrospective cohort study
10.1111/cns.14730 · 2024 · External reference
Anlotinib alone or in combination with bevacizumab in the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma: a prospective single-arm, open-label phase II trial
10.1186/s12885-023-11776-4 · 2024 · External reference
Infigratinib in Patients with Recurrent Gliomas and
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2664 · 2022 · External reference
Activity of Pemigatinib in Pilocytic Astrocytoma and
10.1200/po.21.00371 · 2022 · External reference
The VEGF/VEGFR Axis Revisited: Implications for Cancer Therapy
10.3390/ijms232415585 · 2022 · External reference
Bevacizumab: Review of Development, Pharmacology, and Application to Brain Tumors
10.4137/cmt.s2042 · 2009 · External reference
Tumor angiogenesis: Current challenges and therapeutic opportunities
10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100422 · 2021 · External reference
Cancer combination therapies by angiogenesis inhibitors; a comprehensive review
10.1186/s12964-022-00838-y · 2022 · External reference
Bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.26355/eurrev_202111_27092 · 2021 · External reference
Bevacizumab Plus Irinotecan in Recurrent WHO Grade 3 Malignant Gliomas
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0260 · 2008 · External reference
Bevacizumab Alone and in Combination With Irinotecan in Recurrent Glioblastoma
10.1200/jco.22.02772 · 2023 · External reference
Bevacizumab treatment for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
10.3892/mco.2016.816 · 2016 · External reference
Bevacizumab plus Radiotherapy–Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
10.1056/nejmoa1308345 · 2014 · External reference
A Randomized Trial of Bevacizumab for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
10.1056/nejmoa1308573 · 2014 · External reference
Phase II Study of Cediranib, an Oral Pan–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma
10.1200/jco.2009.26.3988 · 2010 · External reference
Continuous daily sunitinib for recurrent glioblastoma
10.1007/s11060-012-0988-z · 2013 · External reference
Function of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase in carcinogenesis and associated therapeutic opportunities
10.1186/s12943-018-0796-y · 2018 · External reference
MET Signaling Pathways, Resistance Mechanisms, and Opportunities for Target Therapies
10.3390/ijms232213898 · 2022 · External reference
HGF/MET Signaling in Malignant Brain Tumors
10.3390/ijms21207546 · 2020 · External reference
MET in glioma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies
10.1186/s13046-019-1269-x · 2019 · External reference
A phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AMG 102 (rilotumumab) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma
10.1093/neuonc/noq198 · 2011 · External reference
Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Rilotumumab and Bevacizumab in Subjects with Recurrent Malignant Glioma
10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0149 · 2018 · External reference
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Phase II Study of Onartuzumab Plus Bevacizumab Versus Placebo Plus Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma: Efficacy, Safety, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor and O
10.1200/jco.2015.64.7685 · 2017 · External reference
Phase II study of cabozantinib in patients with progressive glioblastoma: subset analysis of patients with prior antiangiogenic therapy
10.1093/neuonc/nox151 · 2018 · External reference
Phase II study of cabozantinib in patients with progressive glioblastoma: subset analysis of patients naive to antiangiogenic therapy
10.1093/neuonc/nox154 · 2018 · External reference
A Phase Ib/II, open-label, multicenter study of INC280 (capmatinib) alone and in combination with buparlisib (BKM120) in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma
10.1007/s11060-019-03337-2 · 2020 · External reference
Mutational Landscape of Secondary Glioblastoma Guides MET-Targeted Trial in Brain Tumor
10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.038 · 2018 · External reference
Neurotrophin signaling: many exciting surprises!
10.1007/s00018-006-6010-1 · 2006 · External reference
TRKing Down an Old Oncogene in a New Era of Targeted Therapy
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0765 · 2015 · External reference
Analysis of
10.1200/po.18.00183 · 2018 · External reference
Glioblastomas harboring gene fusions detected by next-generation sequencing
10.1007/s10014-020-00377-9 · 2020 · External reference
The genomic landscape of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and pediatric non-brainstem high-grade glioma
10.1038/ng.2938 · 2014 · External reference
Larotrectinib for paediatric solid tumours harbouring NTRK gene fusions: phase 1 results from a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 study
10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30119-0 · 2018 · External reference
Safety and Antitumor Activity of the Multitargeted Pan-TRK, ROS1, and ALK Inhibitor Entrectinib: Combined Results from Two Phase I Trials (ALKA-372-001 and STARTRK-1)
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1237 · 2017 · External reference
Entrectinib in children and young adults with solid or primary CNS tumors harboring
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ROS1 Alterations as a Potential Driver of Gliomas in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Patients
10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100294 · 2023 · External reference
Expression and rearrangement of the ROS1 gene in human glioblastoma cells
10.1073/pnas.84.24.9270 · 1987 · External reference
Rare but Recurrent ROS1 Fusions Resulting From Chromosome 6q22 Microdeletions are Targetable Oncogenes in Glioma
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1052 · 2018 · External reference
GOPC-ROS1 Fusion Due to Microdeletion at 6q22 Is an Oncogenic Driver in a Subset of Pediatric Gliomas and Glioneuronal Tumors
10.1093/jnen/nlz093 · 2019 · External reference
Integrated Molecular and Clinical Analysis of 1,000 Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas
10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.011 · 2020 · External reference
Patterns of Metastatic Spread and Mechanisms of Resistance to Crizotinib in
10.1200/po.17.00063 · 2017 · External reference
Pre- and post-treatment blood-based genomic landscape of patients with
10.1002/1878-0261.13214 · 2022 · External reference
Repotrectinib in
10.1056/nejmoa2302299 · 2024 · External reference
Spectrum of Mechanisms of Resistance to Crizotinib and Lorlatinib in
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0032 · 2021 · External reference
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) in Posterior Cranial Fossa Tumors: A Scoping Review of Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Perspectives
10.3390/cancers16030650 · 2024 · External reference
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3521
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3521 · 2023 · External reference
Pleiotrophin Signaling through Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Is Rate-limiting for Glioblastoma Growth
10.1074/jbc.m112354200 · 2002 · External reference
Enhanced Antitumorigenic Effects in Glioblastoma on Double Targeting of Pleiotrophin and Its Receptor ALK
10.1593/neo.81040 · 2009 · External reference
ALK fusions in the pan-cancer setting: another tumor-agnostic target?
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The clinical and prognostic role of ALK in glioblastoma
10.1016/j.prp.2021.153447 · 2021 · External reference
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression and gene alterations in glioblastoma: correlations with clinical outcome
10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204102 · 2017 · External reference
The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: new concepts of activation
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RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer evolution and treatment
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Improved Survival with Vemurafenib in Melanoma with BRAF V600E Mutation
10.1056/nejmoa1103782 · 2011 · External reference
Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial
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Encorafenib (LGX818), a potent BRAF inhibitor, induces senescence accompanied by autophagy in BRAFV600E melanoma cells
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Targeting Aberrant RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling for Cancer Therapy
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Current Development Status of MEK Inhibitors
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Implications of BRAF V600E mutation in gliomas: Molecular considerations, prognostic value and treatment evolution
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BRAF Mutations and the Utility of RAF and MEK Inhibitors in Primary Brain Tumors
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BRAF Mutants Evade ERK-Dependent Feedback by Different Mechanisms that Determine Their Sensitivity to Pharmacologic Inhibition
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BRAF Inhibition in
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LOGGIC/FIREFLY-2: a phase 3, randomized trial of tovorafenib vs. chemotherapy in pediatric and young adult patients with newly diagnosed low-grade glioma harboring an activating RAF alteration
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Current Understanding of Neurofibromatosis Type 1, 2, and Schwannomatosis
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NF1 Gene and Neurofibromatosis 1
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A RASopathy gene commonly mutated in cancer: the neurofibromatosis type 1 tumour suppressor
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The tumor suppressor neurofibromin confers sensitivity to apoptosis by Ras-dependent and Ras-independent pathways
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The Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Gene Product Neurofibromin Enhances Cell Motility by Regulating Actin Filament Dynamics via the Rho-ROCK-LIMK2-Cofilin Pathway
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Decreased expression of neurofibromin contributes to epithelial–mesenchymal transition in neurofibromatosis type 1
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Loss of tumor suppressor NF1 activates HSF1 to promote carcinogenesis
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Neurofibromatosis type 1-associated tumours: Their somatic mutational spectrum and pathogenesis
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Neoplasms Associated with Germline and Somatic
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An Update on Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Gliomas
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Selumetinib in Children with Inoperable Plexiform Neurofibromas
10.1056/nejmoa1912735 · 2020 · External reference
NF106: A Neurofibromatosis Clinical Trials Consortium Phase II Trial of the MEK Inhibitor Mirdametinib (PD-0325901) in Adolescents and Adults With NF1-Related Plexiform Neurofibromas
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ReNeu: A Pivotal, Phase IIb Trial of Mirdametinib in Adults and Children With Symptomatic Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Plexiform Neurofibroma
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Cellular Function of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases: Implications for Development, Immunity, Homeostasis, and Cancer
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An Integrative Genomic and Proteomic Analysis of PIK3CA, PTEN, and AKT Mutations in Breast Cancer
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Targeting PI3K in cancer: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials
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Clinical sequencing reveals diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic biomarkers for adult-type diffuse gliomas
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PIK3CA variants selectively initiate brain hyperactivity during gliomagenesis
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Small Molecule Inhibitors in Adult High-Grade Glioma: From the Past to the Future
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Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of Taselisib, an Oral PI3K Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
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First-in-human phase I study of copanlisib (BAY 80-6946), an intravenous pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
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Phase I Trial of a Tablet Formulation of Pilaralisib, a Pan-Class I PI3K Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
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NVP-BKM120 potentiates apoptosis in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-resistant glioma cell lines via upregulation of Noxa and death receptor 5
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BKM-120 (Buparlisib): A Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3 Kinase Inhibitor with Anti-Invasive Properties in Glioblastoma
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Challenges for the Clinical Development of PI3K Inhibitors: Strategies to Improve Their Impact in Solid Tumors
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The Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway
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PTEN regulates glioblastoma oncogenesis through chromatin-associated complexes of DAXX and histone H3.3
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PTEN, Stem Cells, and Cancer Stem Cells
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The death-associated protein DAXX is a novel histone chaperone involved in the replication-independent deposition of H3.3
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Daxx is an H3.3-specific histone chaperone and cooperates with ATRX in replication-independent chromatin assembly at telomeres
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NLK Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for PTEN Deficient Tumour Cells
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The Tumor Suppressor PTEN Is Exported in Exosomes and Has Phosphatase Activity in Recipient Cells
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Icaritin inhibits glioblastoma cell viability and glycolysis by blocking the IL‐6/Stat3 pathway
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Icaritin inhibits the invasion and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma cells by targeting EMMPRIN via PTEN/AKt/HIF‐1
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Tangeretin: a mechanistic review of its pharmacological and therapeutic effects
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Phosphorylation and Regulation of Akt/PKB by the Rictor-mTOR Complex
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The mTOR-Regulated Phosphoproteome Reveals a Mechanism of mTORC1-Mediated Inhibition of Growth Factor Signaling
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DBS Assay with LC-MS/MS for the Determination of Idelalisib, A Selective PI3K-δ Inhibitor in Mice Blood and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study
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Isoform-Selective PI3K Inhibitors for Various Diseases
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Copanlisib in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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PI3Kβ inhibitor AZD6482 exerts antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells
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Diuron exposure and Akt overexpression promote glioma formation through DNA hypomethylation
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Frequent AKT1E17K mutations in skull base meningiomas are associated with mTOR and ERK1/2 activation and reduced time to tumor recurrence
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Genetic Alterations and Aberrant Expression of Genes Related to the Phosphatidyl‐lnositol‐3′‐Kinase/Protein Kinase B (Akt) Signal Transduction Pathway in Glioblastomas
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AKT Inhibitor SC66 Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma Through Down-Regulating AKT/β-Catenin Pathway
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A phase I dose-escalation study of enzalutamide in combination with the AKT inhibitor AZD5363 (capivasertib) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
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Novel ATP‐competitive Akt inhibitor afuresertib suppresses the proliferation of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells
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A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin–receptor complex
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Sirolimus Is Associated with New-Onset Diabetes in Kidney Transplant Recipients
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Phase I dose-escalation study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor voxtalisib (SAR245409, XL765) plus temozolomide with or without radiotherapy in patients with high-grade glioma
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5-(4,6-Dimorpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine (PQR309), a Potent, Brain-Penetrant, Orally Bioavailable, Pan-Class I PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor as Clinical Candidate in Oncology
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First-in-Human Phase I Study to Evaluate the Brain-Penetrant PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor GDC-0084 in Patients with Progressive or Recurrent High-Grade Glioma
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NVP-BEZ235, a novel dual PI3K–mTOR inhibitor displays anti-glioma activity and reduces chemoresistance to temozolomide in human glioma cells
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p53 signaling in cancer progression and therapy
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