Research graph
References from Prenatal fentanyl and Δ <sup>9</sup> -tetrahydrocannabinol exposure disrupt placental function and fetal growth in a mouse model of multidrug use. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Patterns of Opioid Utilization in Pregnancy in a Large Cohort of Commercial Insurance Beneficiaries in the United States
10.1097/01.sa.0000458899.50734.cd · 2015 · External reference
Increase in Prescription Opioid Use During Pregnancy Among Medicaid-enrolled Women
10.1097/01.aoa.0000463803.54491.04 · 2015 · External reference
10.1503/cmaj.190391
10.1503/cmaj.190391 · External reference
Prevalence of Prenatal Opioid Exposure in Ontario, Canada, 2014-2019
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37388 · 2021 · External reference
Association Between Self-reported Prenatal Cannabis Use and Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Outcomes
10.1097/01.aoa.0000661352.00928.f0 · 2020 · External reference
10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a1
10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a1 · External reference
10.9778/cmajo.20160102
10.9778/cmajo.20160102 · External reference
Cannabis use among pregnant women under different legalization frameworks in the United States
10.1080/00952990.2022.2136035 · 2022 · External reference
10.17269/s41997-018-0148-0
10.17269/s41997-018-0148-0 · External reference
Fetal Growth Outcomes in a Cohort of Polydrug- and Opioid-Dependent Patients
2016 · External reference
US Trends in Drug Overdose Mortality Among Pregnant and Postpartum Persons, 2017-2020
10.1001/jama.2022.17045 · 2022 · External reference
Illicit Fentanyl in the Prenatal Period: A Significant Emerging Risk for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
10.1055/a-2437-0828 · 2025 · External reference
10.1089/jwh.2022.0118
10.1089/jwh.2022.0118 · External reference
Polysubstance Use Among Pregnant Women With Opioid Use Disorder in the United States, 2007–2016
10.1097/aog.0000000000003907 · 2020 · External reference
Clinical Correlates of Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use in Pregnancy
10.1007/s10995-014-1536-6 · 2015 · External reference
Polysubstance use in pregnancy: Findings from a population-based cross-sectional cohort study of pregnant women with opioid use
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112926 · 2025 · External reference
10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106082
10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106082 · External reference
Self-reported Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Cannabis Use Among Women Before and During Pregnancy
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6471 · 2019 · External reference
10.1111/dar.13934
10.1111/dar.13934 · External reference
Daily Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Postpartum in a State With Legalized Recreational Cannabis
10.1097/adm.0000000000000625 · 2020 · External reference
Exploration Into Patterns of Cannabis Use Across Pregnancy and Postpartum
10.1097/adm.0000000000001270 · 2024 · External reference
Association of psychiatric and substance use disorders with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder during early pregnancy in northern California
10.1111/add.16622 · 2024 · External reference
Marijuana use in opioid exposed pregnancy increases risk of preterm birth
10.1080/14767058.2021.1980532 · 2022 · External reference
The Association of Concomitant Maternal Marijuana Use on Health Outcomes for Opioid Exposed Newborns in Massachusetts, 2003-2009
10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.10.071 · 2020 · External reference
10.1093/bja/82.6.929
10.1093/bja/82.6.929 · External reference
Understanding the Mechanism and Extent of Transplacental Transfer of (−)-Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the Perfused Human Placenta to Predict In Vivo Fetal THC Exposure
10.1002/cpt.2964 · 2023 · External reference
10.1038/s41467-025-55863-5
10.1038/s41467-025-55863-5 · External reference
10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.002
10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.002 · External reference
Prenatal Exposure to Opioids and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: A Bayesian Mediation Analysis
10.1093/aje/kwad183 · 2024 · External reference
Infants’ prenatal exposure to opioids and the association with birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1111/ppe.12805 · 2022 · External reference
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624275/full
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624275/full · External reference
Evaluation of the Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Use and Risk of Developmental Delay
10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.03.004 · 2024 · External reference
Estimating the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on birth outcomes
10.1111/ajad.13650 · 2025 · External reference
Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1089/can.2022.0262 · 2024 · External reference
Prenatal exposure to opioids and neurodevelopment in infancy and childhood: A systematic review
10.3389/fped.2023.1071889 · 2023 · External reference
10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003
10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003 · External reference
10.1016/j.ntt.2004.09.004
10.1016/j.ntt.2004.09.004 · External reference
Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure: Emerging Evidence of Physiological and Neuropsychiatric Abnormalities
2020 · External reference
10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5
10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5 · External reference
10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173242
10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173242 · External reference
10.1101/2025.03.07.641990
10.1101/2025.03.07.641990 · External reference
10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.073
10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.073 · External reference
Accelerated Fentanyl Metabolism During Pregnancy and Impact on Prenatal Drug Testing
10.1007/s10995-023-03664-x · 2023 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis and Its Derivatives in Animals and Humans During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
10.3389/fphar.2022.919630 · 2022 · External reference
Tolerance to Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Chronic High-Dose Opioid Users: A Model-Based Comparison With Opioid-Naïve Individuals
10.1002/cpt.2027 · 2021 · External reference
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006 · External reference
10.1038/sj.bjp.0706157
10.1038/sj.bjp.0706157 · External reference
Effects of chronic fentanyl administration on physical performance of aged rats
10.1016/j.exger.2010.10.004 · 2011 · External reference
The Effect of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on Obesity Parameters in Mice
10.3390/ijms241813797 · 2023 · External reference
Maternal natural killer cells at the intersection between reproduction and mucosal immunity
10.1038/s41385-020-00374-3 · 2021 · External reference
Uterine NK cells and macrophages in pregnancy
10.1016/j.placenta.2017.03.001 · 2017 · External reference
10.1016/j.placenta.2025.05.005
10.1016/j.placenta.2025.05.005 · External reference
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.11.007
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.11.007 · External reference
10.1101/2025.07.30.667651
10.1101/2025.07.30.667651 · External reference
The impact of oral cannabis consumption during pregnancy on maternal spiral artery remodelling, fetal growth and offspring behaviour in mice
10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105572 · 2025 · External reference
10.3389/fphys.2016.00028
10.3389/fphys.2016.00028 · External reference
10.1038/s41598-019-57318-6
10.1038/s41598-019-57318-6 · External reference
Placental volume in pregnant women with opioid use: prenatal MRI assessment
10.1080/14767058.2022.2157256 · 2023 · External reference
10.1073/pnas.2106115118
10.1073/pnas.2106115118 · External reference
10.1097/spc.0b013e3282f5272e
10.1097/spc.0b013e3282f5272e · External reference
10.1111/bph.13750
10.1111/bph.13750 · External reference
10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008
10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008 · External reference
10.1007/s11481-015-9603-3
10.1007/s11481-015-9603-3 · External reference
Association of cannabis use during pregnancy with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a retrospective cohort study
10.1111/add.16056 · 2023 · External reference
Opioid use and risk of Clostridioides difficile infection in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ajic.2025.06.019 · 2025 · External reference
10.15585/mmwr.mm6839a1
10.15585/mmwr.mm6839a1 · External reference
Infections and obstetric outcomes in opioid-dependent pregnant women maintained on methadone or buprenorphine
2012 · External reference
Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review
10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30375-3 · 2017 · External reference
Effects of oxycodone on placental lineages: Evidence from the transcriptome profile of mouse trophoblast giant cells
10.1073/pnas.2412349121 · 2024 · External reference
The impact of opioids on the transcriptional landscape of human villous trophoblasts
10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.001 · 2023 · External reference
Chronic prenatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure adversely impacts placental function and development in a rhesus macaque model
10.1038/s41598-022-24401-4 · 2022 · External reference
Adaptive structural and functional evolution of the placenta protects fetal growth in high-elevation deer mice
10.1073/pnas.2218049120 · 2023 · External reference
Effect of Prenatal Opioid Exposure on the Human Placental Methylome
10.3390/biomedicines10051150 · 2022 · External reference
Methadone directly impairs central nervous system cells in vitro
10.1038/s41598-024-67860-7 · 2024 · External reference
Deficient or Excess Folic Acid Supply During Pregnancy Alter Cortical Neurodevelopment in Mouse Offspring
10.1093/cercor/bhaa248 · 2021 · External reference
Risk of Excess Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation in Offspring
10.3390/nu16050755 · 2024 · External reference
US Trends in Drug Overdose Mortality Among Pregnant and Postpartum Persons, 2017-2020
10.1001/jama.2022.17045 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Self-reported Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Cannabis Use Among Women Before and During Pregnancy
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6471 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prevalence of Prenatal Opioid Exposure in Ontario, Canada, 2014-2019
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37388 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Tolerance to Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Chronic High-Dose Opioid Users: A Model-Based Comparison With Opioid-Naïve Individuals
10.1002/cpt.2027 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Understanding the Mechanism and Extent of Transplacental Transfer of (−)-Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the Perfused Human Placenta to Predict In Vivo Fetal THC Exposure
10.1002/cpt.2964 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Clinical Correlates of Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use in Pregnancy
10.1007/s10995-014-1536-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Accelerated Fentanyl Metabolism During Pregnancy and Impact on Prenatal Drug Testing
10.1007/s10995-023-03664-x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1007/s11481-015-9603-3
10.1007/s11481-015-9603-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106082
10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106082 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Opioid use and risk of Clostridioides difficile infection in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ajic.2025.06.019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008
10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.11.007
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.11.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Polysubstance use in pregnancy: Findings from a population-based cross-sectional cohort study of pregnant women with opioid use
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112926 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The impact of oral cannabis consumption during pregnancy on maternal spiral artery remodelling, fetal growth and offspring behaviour in mice
10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105572 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of chronic fentanyl administration on physical performance of aged rats
10.1016/j.exger.2010.10.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Evaluation of the Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Use and Risk of Developmental Delay
10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.03.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Association of Concomitant Maternal Marijuana Use on Health Outcomes for Opioid Exposed Newborns in Massachusetts, 2003-2009
10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.10.071 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.073
10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.073 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.ntt.2004.09.004
10.1016/j.ntt.2004.09.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003
10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173242
10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173242 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Uterine NK cells and macrophages in pregnancy
10.1016/j.placenta.2017.03.001 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.002
10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The impact of opioids on the transcriptional landscape of human villous trophoblasts
10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.001 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.placenta.2025.05.005
10.1016/j.placenta.2025.05.005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review
10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30375-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Maternal natural killer cells at the intersection between reproduction and mucosal immunity
10.1038/s41385-020-00374-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1038/s41467-025-55863-5
10.1038/s41467-025-55863-5 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5
10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1038/s41598-019-57318-6
10.1038/s41598-019-57318-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Chronic prenatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure adversely impacts placental function and development in a rhesus macaque model
10.1038/s41598-022-24401-4 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Methadone directly impairs central nervous system cells in vitro
10.1038/s41598-024-67860-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1038/sj.bjp.0706157
10.1038/sj.bjp.0706157 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Illicit Fentanyl in the Prenatal Period: A Significant Emerging Risk for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
10.1055/a-2437-0828 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1073/pnas.2106115118
10.1073/pnas.2106115118 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Adaptive structural and functional evolution of the placenta protects fetal growth in high-elevation deer mice
10.1073/pnas.2218049120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of oxycodone on placental lineages: Evidence from the transcriptome profile of mouse trophoblast giant cells
10.1073/pnas.2412349121 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cannabis use among pregnant women under different legalization frameworks in the United States
10.1080/00952990.2022.2136035 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Marijuana use in opioid exposed pregnancy increases risk of preterm birth
10.1080/14767058.2021.1980532 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Placental volume in pregnant women with opioid use: prenatal MRI assessment
10.1080/14767058.2022.2157256 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1089/can.2022.0262 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1089/jwh.2022.0118
10.1089/jwh.2022.0118 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prenatal Exposure to Opioids and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: A Bayesian Mediation Analysis
10.1093/aje/kwad183 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1093/bja/82.6.929
10.1093/bja/82.6.929 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Deficient or Excess Folic Acid Supply During Pregnancy Alter Cortical Neurodevelopment in Mouse Offspring
10.1093/cercor/bhaa248 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Increase in Prescription Opioid Use During Pregnancy Among Medicaid-enrolled Women
10.1097/01.aoa.0000463803.54491.04 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association Between Self-reported Prenatal Cannabis Use and Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Outcomes
10.1097/01.aoa.0000661352.00928.f0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Patterns of Opioid Utilization in Pregnancy in a Large Cohort of Commercial Insurance Beneficiaries in the United States
10.1097/01.sa.0000458899.50734.cd · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Daily Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Postpartum in a State With Legalized Recreational Cannabis
10.1097/adm.0000000000000625 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exploration Into Patterns of Cannabis Use Across Pregnancy and Postpartum
10.1097/adm.0000000000001270 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Polysubstance Use Among Pregnant Women With Opioid Use Disorder in the United States, 2007–2016
10.1097/aog.0000000000003907 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1097/spc.0b013e3282f5272e
10.1097/spc.0b013e3282f5272e · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1101/2025.03.07.641990
10.1101/2025.03.07.641990 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1101/2025.07.30.667651
10.1101/2025.07.30.667651 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association of cannabis use during pregnancy with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a retrospective cohort study
10.1111/add.16056 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association of psychiatric and substance use disorders with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder during early pregnancy in northern California
10.1111/add.16622 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Estimating the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on birth outcomes
10.1111/ajad.13650 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1111/bph.13750
10.1111/bph.13750 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1111/dar.13934
10.1111/dar.13934 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Infants’ prenatal exposure to opioids and the association with birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1111/ppe.12805 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1503/cmaj.190391
10.1503/cmaj.190391 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.15585/mmwr.mm6839a1
10.15585/mmwr.mm6839a1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a1
10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.17269/s41997-018-0148-0
10.17269/s41997-018-0148-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prenatal exposure to opioids and neurodevelopment in infancy and childhood: A systematic review
10.3389/fped.2023.1071889 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis and Its Derivatives in Animals and Humans During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
10.3389/fphar.2022.919630 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fphys.2016.00028
10.3389/fphys.2016.00028 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624275/full
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624275/full · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of Prenatal Opioid Exposure on the Human Placental Methylome
10.3390/biomedicines10051150 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Effect of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on Obesity Parameters in Mice
10.3390/ijms241813797 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Risk of Excess Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation in Offspring
10.3390/nu16050755 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.9778/cmajo.20160102
10.9778/cmajo.20160102 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
