Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the skeletal and dental effects of skeletally‐anchored (SA) maxillary protraction compared with conventional facemask (FM) therapy in growing patients with Class III malocclusion, while controlling for the confounding effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME).
Materials and Methods
A systematic literature search (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar), which involved two screening stages, was performed until January 2026 and identified prospective clinical trials comparing SA with conventional tooth‐borne FM therapy. Only studies in which expansion protocols were applied uniformly across groups were included. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 and ROBINS‐I tools, and random effects meta‐analyses were conducted for cephalometric outcomes. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated according to the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) approach.
Results
Five prospective trials (3 RCTs, 2 CCTs;
n
= 194 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Random‐effects meta‐analyses showed a modest but significant greater increase in SNA for SA (MD 0.65°; 95% CI 0.18–1.13,
I
2
= 0.0%) and consistently fewer dental side effects with SA: upper‐molar mesialization (−1.14 mm; −2.12 to −0.17,
I
2
= 10.3%), molar extrusion (−0.74 mm; −1.07 to −0.40,
I
2
= 0.0%), and maxillary incisor proclination (−2.47°; −4.14 to −0.80,
I
2
= 0.0%). The mandibular plane rotation did not differ significantly (−0.38°; −1.67 to 0.91,
I
2
= 45.6%). Risk of bias was assessed as “some concerns” in RCTs and “serious” in non‐randomized studies. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate according to GRADE.
Conclusions
Within the limitations of the available short‐term evidence, and given the low‐to‐moderate certainty of the pooled estimates, SA was associated with fewer dental side effects and a statistically significant, though not clinically relevant, gain in skeletal efficacy. Future long‐term, age‐stratified randomized trials are needed to confirm the long‐term stability of these findings.