Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Delayed bleeding remains the most common adverse event after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We assessed whether prophylactic mechanical closure is associated with reduced clinically significant delayed bleeding.
Methods
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through October 2025. Comparative studies reporting delayed bleeding within 30 days were included. Random‐effects meta‐analysis with Hartung‐Knapp‐Sidik‐Jonkman adjustment was applied. Evidence certainty was assessed using GRADE.
Results
Nine studies (2646 patients; eight non‐randomized) met inclusion criteria. Prophylactic closure was associated with reduced delayed bleeding (risk ratio [RR] 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16–0.82;
p
= 0.02;
I
2
= 65%; prediction interval 0.05–2.65). However, sensitivity analysis restricted to high‐quality designs (one RCT, two propensity‐matched studies) showed wide confidence intervals without statistical significance (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.01–10.44;
p
= 0.28). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant effect modification by antithrombotic status (
p
= 0.96) or defect size (
p
= 0.27). In exploratory subgroup analysis, advanced techniques were associated with RR 0.14 (95% CI 0.03–0.55) versus standard approaches RR 0.62 (95% CI 0.21–1.77; interaction
p
= 0.005), though this difference was confounded by operator expertise. Immediate complete closure rate was 93.6% (95% CI 45.0%–99.6%). GRADE certainty was low due to the predominance of observational studies and substantial heterogeneity.
Conclusions
Prophylactic closure was associated with reduced delayed bleeding after gastric ESD; however, low‐certainty evidence limits definitive conclusions. Well‐designed randomized trials in high‐risk populations are warranted to inform clinical practice.
Trial Registration
PROSPERO registration: CRD420251172925