Gravitational waves from confinement in SU(N) Yang-Mills theory

A bstract We provide a detailed analysis of the gravitational wave spectrum of SU ( N ) pure Yang-Mills theory. The confinement phase transition is described with an effective Polyakov loop model, using the latest lattice data as an input. In particular, recent lattice studies clarified the large- N scaling of the surface tension, which we incorporate through a modification of the kinetic term. We demonstrate that the thin-wall approximation agrees with the Polyakov loop model at small N while it breaks down at large N . Furthermore, we include reliable estimates of the bubble wall velocity using a recently developed framework based on a large enthalpy jump at the phase transition. Altogether, this allows us to derive the gravitational wave signals for all SU ( N ) confinement phase transitions and clarifies the behaviour at large N . The strongest signal arises for N = 20, but overall the predicted signals remain rather weak. Our work paves the way for future studies of other gauge groups and systems with fermions.