Abstract
Regulatory science increasingly recognizes that comparative efficacy studies may provide limited additional certainty to biosimilar development when high-resolution analytical, functional, and pharmacokinetic data robustly demonstrate similarity to the reference product. Modern structural and functional assays, combined with sensitive pharmacokinetic studies are capable of detecting differences with greater sensitivity than clinical efficacy endpoints. Accordingly, recent European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, and Health Canada guidance suggest increasing alignment toward a "fit-for-purpose" pharmacokinetic-anchored clinical approach for biologics with well-characterizable structure and function. Pembrolizumab biosimilar development represents an early real‑world implementation of a streamlined clinical development approach. Its mechanism of action is well understood and driven by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor blockade with minimal reliance on fragment crystallizable-mediated effector functions, and its analytical traceability enables a detailed structure-function characterization. For this molecule, comparative pharmacokinetics provides a sensitive clinical measure of similarity that may be assessed in a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic equivalence study conducted in a sensitive patient population receiving adjuvant treatment following tumor resection. The comparative pharmacokinetic study design also provides a scientifically justified framework to assess safety and immunogenicity. In the development program of the pembrolizumab biosimilar candidate FYB206, scientific reasoning is used to illustrate how tailored pharmacokinetic-centered programs can maintain scientific rigor while reducing unnecessary clinical burden. More broadly, this approach may be considered applicable to other biologics with a well-defined mechanism of action, robust analytical accessibility, and sensitive functional assays, enabling scientifically proportionate and efficient biosimilar development. As FYB206 has not yet received regulatory approval; considerations presented herein reflect a forward‑looking scientific perspective based on the totality of available evidence.