Abstract
Abstract Feed scarcity and poor quality constrain dairy productivity in smallholder systems of south Ethiopia, particularly during dry seasons. However, limited empirical evidence exists on the nutritional quality and seasonal dynamics of locally available alternative supplemental feeds (ASFs). This study assessed utilization patterns, nutritional composition, and seasonal dynamics of ASFs used by smallholder dairy farmers in the Gamo and Wolaita zones. A cross-sectional survey of 264 households was conducted, and representative ASF samples were collected during wet and dry seasons for nutritional analysis. Over 75% of farmers primarily supplemented lactating cows, with 52.5% having > 5 years of ASF experience. Crop residue use increased from 36.4% in the wet season to 80.3% in the dry season (p < 0.001). Nutritional composition differed significantly among ASFs (p < 0.001): Vernonia amygdalina showed high crude protein (28.30%), while Ehretia cymosa and Cirsium vulgare demonstrated rich mineral profiles, particularly calcium (1198 and 673.75 mg/100 g, respectively). Relative feed value ranged from 91.61 to 181.14, with Ehretia cymosa showing the highest values. Seasonal effects significantly increased dry matter (r = 0.636, p < 0.001), neutral detergent fiber (p = 0.021), and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.024) during the dry season. Strategic supplementation combining protein-rich browses with energy-rich bulk feeds through season-specific strategies can enhance nutrient balance and dairy productivity, reducing reliance on expensive commercial feeds in smallholder systems.