Biotechnology and biofuels: paving the way towards a sustainable and equitable energy for the future

Abstract This comprehensive review aims to explore and elucidate the pivotal role of biotechnology in biofuel production, specifically focusing on its contribution to enhancing sustainability, efficiency, and productivity in the energy sector. By examining various biotechnological approaches like genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology, it seeks to provide insights into effectively harnessing biofuel generation processes, including the integration of machine learning and life cycle assessment for microalgae cultivation and harvesting. Additionally, it sheds light on the multifaceted implications surrounding biofuel production and consumption, addressing technological, ethical, social, and economic considerations. Through critical analysis of the advantages and challenges associated with biotechnology-driven biofuel development, it offers a balanced perspective on the true potential of biofuels as a viable, sustainable, and equitable energy source for the future. This examination provides a holistic analysis of the symbiotic relationship between biotechnology and biofuels, highlighting how advancements in biotechnological techniques can pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy future. By addressing both the promises and limitations of biotechnology in this context, it aims to contribute to informed decision-making and policy formulation to drive the transition toward a cleaner and more equitable energy paradigm. Graphical Abstract