Effect of microclimatic physical factors on in vitro morphogenesis of plants: a systematic review

Abstract Biotechnology has revolutionized plant propagation by providing plant tissue culture as a rising alternative platform to conventional methods. In the present scenario, plant tissue culture becomes the key technique for the large-scale production and conservation of germplasm, maintenance of genetic stability, and meets out the economic demands of plant and plant products. It is the science of artificially growing test tube plantlets under optimized microclimatic conditions isolated from the external environment. This micro-scale environment resembles the natural environment consisting of culture vessels, humidity, gases, light irradiation, spectrum, temperature, nutritional media, and its constituents as major growth-affecting factors. The efficient architectural development of any genotype depends on these factors and requires a specifically optimized climate. Here, we are reviewing the interaction of physical factors of in vitro artificial climate including culture vessel, light, and temperature with the developing plantlets. The outcomes can increase the understanding of the developmental response of plants toward their environment in the recently changing climatic conditions. Further, this can also eliminate the challenges of cost, labor, and timings and introduce the advancements of efficient large-scale production of plant and plant products which will be effective in fulfilling the population demands.