Abstract
Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital crop with enormous economic and nutritional importance in Nepal and worldwide. The yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a monophagous severe pest that poses a substantial threat to rice crops, causing significant yield losses by its larva feeding on stems and tillers. This review covers the life cycle, distribution, damage, and management and control strategies of YSB. YSB primarily targets rice plants, causing symptoms like dead hearts and whiteheads. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are crucial for effective YSB control. Cultural practices include selecting resistant rice varieties, using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) incorporated transgenic rice plants, synchronizing planting to reduce generations, and promoting natural enemies by conserving their habitats. Mechanical methods involve pheromone and light traps to disrupt mating and reduce adult populations. Biological control methods utilize natural predators like beetles and spiders and parasitoids such as Cotesia flavipes and Trichogramma spp. In contrast, chemical control involves targeted insecticide application when pest populations reach economic threshold levels that is when 5–10% dead hearts are seen. The article emphasizes the importance of IPM techniques in reducing YSB infestation and fostering sustainable rice production. These approaches not only help to lower the YSB population but also contribute to environmental preservation and long-term agricultural viability. As rice is a staple food for millions, effective management of YSB becomes crucial for guaranteeing food security and livelihoods across the globe.