A brief review on methods and materials for electrode modification: electroanalytical applications towards biologically relevant compounds

Abstract This review provides an overview of the advancements in electrochemical sensors and biosensors, along with their applications. The review covers the methods and materials used for modifying the surface of electrodes, and also discusses the use of electrochemical sensors for quantitative analysis of biologically relevant compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, serotonin, glucose, and other markers of oxidative stress and neurotransmitters. Various electrochemical characterization methods have also been highlighted. Recently, there has been a growing interest in combining recognition elements with electronic elements to establish electrochemical sensors and biosensors. These devices have proven to be effective in detecting chemical and biological targets through changes in electrochemical activity at electrode interfaces. The use of nanomaterials has significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensing platforms. Electrode materials are critical to the construction of high-performance sensors for detecting target molecules. The integration of functional nanomaterials can enhance catalytic activity, conductivity, and biocompatibility, leading to more accurate and sensitive biosensing. Overall, the development of functional electrode materials, along with various electrochemical methods, has greatly expanded the potential applications of electrochemical devices. Graphical Abstract