Abstract
Our textbook view of mitochondria, which has been shaped by studies in animals and yeast, fails to do justice to the organelle's broader eukaryotic diversity. While most mitochondria retain a tiny genome, the overwhelming majority of their proteins are nuclear-encoded and vary extensively across lineages. To map this diversity, the MitoCarta Tree of Life Consortium developed experimental and computational workflows to generate high-accuracy mitochondrial proteomes across diverse eukaryotes-helping to lay a foundation for comparative mitochondrial biology with broad implications for physiology, evolution, and disease.