Abstract
Objective: This review aims to critically evaluate the current applications, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of 3D printing and computer-aided-design/computer assisted-manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies in periodontal regeneration. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2010 and 2025. Studies focusing on 3D-printed scaffolds, CAD/CAM-assisted regenerative workflows, and digitally designed biomaterials for periodontal regeneration were included. The review followed PRISMA-guided methodology including predefined eligibility criteria, study selection process, and qualitative synthesis. Results: 3D printing enables the fabrication of customized scaffolds with controlled architecture and porosity, supporting bone formation and periodontal ligament regeneration. CAD/CAM technologies facilitate digital treatment planning, defect-specific scaffold design, and guided surgical procedures. Imaging modalities such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) contribute to three-dimensional visualization of periodontal defects, although limitations in spatial resolution remain. Key challenges include replication of the complex periodontal microenvironment, long-term biocompatibility of scaffolds, regulatory constraints, and high treatment costs. Conclusions: 3D printing and CAD/CAM technologies represent promising tools for patient-specific periodontal regeneration. Further research focusing on biologically functional scaffolds, incorporation of regenerative cues, and long-term clinical validation is essential to translate these digital innovations into routine periodontal practice.