Abstract
This paper proposes an uncertainty-aware p-robust scheduling model for interconnected energy–water hubs that jointly schedules electricity, natural gas, heat, cooling, hydrogen, and water-system operation. The model quantifies carrier-layered cooperation by comparing independent operation, electricity exchange, electricity–gas exchange, and full electricity–gas–water exchange. Correlated demand and renewable uncertainties are represented through ten latent-factor scenarios, while uncertain procurement, exchange, water-supply, and local-generation prices are handled through source-specific interval protection. Scenario-wise cost deterioration is bounded by a stress-adaptive p-robust constraint, and risk-feasible cost–emission Pareto fronts are generated using the epsilon-constraint method. Numerical results show that full cooperation reduces expected robust cost and emissions at the selected compromise solution by 6.71% and 8.65%, respectively. The corresponding worst-case cost and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) at 80% confidence decrease by 6.34% and 6.45%. Electricity exchange provides the largest improvement, gas exchange adds further economic and environmental benefits, and water exchange reduces water-storage throughput relative to electricity–gas cooperation by 33.39% despite its smaller system-wide contribution. The selected Pareto solutions limit maximum regret to 0.638–0.931% and achieve 6.737–7.563% emission reductions for only 0.437–0.453% cost penalties. All Pareto solutions satisfy their scenario-adaptive p-robust limits. These results quantify the distinct operational value of electricity, gas, and water cooperation under combined uncertainty and risk constraints. All reported magnitudes are obtained for a single representative 24-hour day at hourly resolution and for the configuration studied here.