Scenarios of groundwater chemical evolution in a region of the Canadian Shield based on multivariate statistical analysis

Study region: The study of groundwater chemistry of the Charlevoix/Haute-Côte-Nord (CHCN) region in the province of Quebec in Canada is part of a regional hydrogeological characterization project. Study focus: Groundwater was sampled in 113 wells over the 4500 km2 study area and analyzed for 39 parameters including major, minor, trace and inorganic constituents, plus stable isotopes 2H and 18O. Two multivariate statistical methods, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and R-mode factor analysis (RFA) were combined with graphic methods to classify the samples according to plausible levels of groundwater evolution in that region. New hydrological insights for the region: Four sample clusters were identified. Cluster 1 is composed of low-salinity Ca-HCO3 groundwater corresponding to recently infiltrated water in surface granular aquifers in recharge areas. Cluster 4 Na-(HCO3-Cl) groundwater is more saline and corresponds to more evolved groundwater probably from confined bedrock aquifers. Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 (Ca-Na)-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 groundwater, respectively, correspond to mixed or intermediate water between Cluster 1 and Cluster 4 from possibly interconnected granular and bedrock aquifers. This study identifies groundwater recharge, water–rock interactions, ion exchange, solute diffusion from marine clay aquitards, saltwater intrusion and also hydraulic connections between the Canadian Shield and the granular deposits, as the main processes affecting the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in the CHCN region.