Abstract
Laos has historically supported a rich megafauna assemblage, much of which has been lost in modern times. We compiled and analyzed historical and contemporary evidence (ca. 1850–2026) to reconstruct trajectories, assess current status, and identify recovery prospects for Laos’s megafauna, focusing on rhinoceroses, tigers (Panthera tigris), and elephants (Elephas maximus). Javan (Eurhinoceros sondaicus) and Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses occurred historically in Laos, with credible records continuing until approximately 1990, although the later records do not allow species-level attribution or determination of when each species disappeared. Both are now extirpated from the country. Tigers remained widespread into the early 2000s, but declined rapidly, with the last verified images from 2013; they are now considered extirpated, although limited potential for recovery may remain through recolonization or reintroduction. Asian elephants persist, but only an estimated 300–400 individuals remain across approximately 24 putative population units, 88% of which reportedly contain fewer than 20 individuals. Their demographics, connectivity, and long-term viability remain uncertain, although Nakai–Nam Theun and Nam Pouy are the two largest populations and likely have better persistence prospects than others. Reducing mortality and maintaining or restoring connectivity could improve prospects for smaller populations. Hunting for food and the wildlife trade—facilitated by widespread firearms, weak deterrence, and expanding infrastructure—have contributed to widespread faunal depletion and “empty forests.” Accelerating development may increase access, trade, and demand for wildlife products, but could also create opportunities for coordinated transboundary protection and enforcement. Recovery remains possible for some of Laos’s megafauna, but opportunities are rapidly narrowing.