Population-based stroke incidence estimates in Peru: Exploratory results from the CRONICAS cohort study

Background Limited information exists about the incidence of first-ever stroke at the population level, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Longitudinal data from the CRONICAS Cohort Study includes both altitude and urbanization and allows a detailed assessment of stroke incidence in resource constrained settings. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and explore risk factors of first-ever stroke at the population level in Peru.Methods Stroke was defined using a standardised approach based on information from cohort participants or family members. This information was adjudicated centrally by trained physicians using common definitions. Time of follow-up was calculated as the difference between date of enrolment and the reported date of the stroke event. Unstandardised and age-standardised, first-ever stroke incidence rate and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Generalized linear models, assuming Poisson distribution and link log, were utilized to determine potential factors to develop stroke.Findings 3,601 individuals were originally enrolled in the cohort and 2,471 provided data for the longitudinal analysis. The median time of follow-up was 7.0 (range: 1 - 9) years, accruing a total of 17,308 person-years. During followup, there were 25 incident cases of stroke, resulting in an age-standardised incidence of stroke of 98.8 (95% CI: 63.8 - 154.0) per 100,000 person-years. After adjustment by age and sex, stroke incidence was higher among people with hypertension (incidence risk ratio (IRR) = 5.18; 95% CI: 1.89 - 14.16), but lower among people living at high altitude (IRR = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01 - 0.63).Interpretation Our results indicate a high incidence of first-ever strokes in Peruvian general population. These results are consistent with the estimates found in previous LMIC reports. Our study also found a contributing role of hypertension, increasing the risk of having a first-ever stroke. This work further advances the field of stroke epidemiology by identifying high altitude as a factor related to lower incidence of stroke in a longitudinal study. However, this information needs to be considered with cautions because of the study limitations.