Abstract
Digital twin technology, which creates virtual replicas of physical entities that are continuously updated with real-time data, has emerged as a transformative innovation in healthcare. In surgical practice, digital twins offer unprecedented opportunities to enhance precision, personalisation, and patient outcomes. This literature review indicates that digital twin technology has demonstrated significant potential across multiple surgical domains, including preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, postoperative monitoring, and surgical training. Its applications span cardiovascular, orthopaedic, neurological, and oncological surgeries. However, most applications remain at the proof-of-concept or early clinical deployment stage. While promising results have been reported, further research is needed to establish standardised protocols, validate clinical outcomes, and address technical and ethical challenges before widespread adoption.