A cooperative degradation pathway for organic phenoxazine catholytes in aqueous redox flow batteries

Redox-active organic molecules that store positive charge in aqueous redox flow cells (catholyte redoxmers) frequently exhibit poor chemical stability for reasons that are not entirely understood. While for some catholyte molecules, deprotonation in their charged state is resposible for shortening the lifetime, for well designed molecules that avoid this common fate, it is seldom known what causes their eventual decomposition as it appears to be energetically prohibitive. Here, a highly soluble (1.6 M) phenoxazine molecule with a redox potential of 0.48 V vs. Ag/AgCl has been examined in flow cells. While this molecule has highly reversible redox chemistry, during cycling the capacity fades in a matter of hours. Our analyses suggest a cooperative decomposition pathway involving disproportionation of two charged molecules followed by anion substitution and deprotonation. This example suggests that cooperative reactions can be responsible for unexpectedly low chemical instability in the catholyte redoxmers and that researchers need to be keenly aware of such reactions and methods for their mitigation.