When the season takes a toll - Severity and stability of anxiety and depression symptoms in German elite and amateur female soccer players

Among elite athletes, female soccer players face unique mental health challenges due to growing public attention and rising performance expectations, but limited support structures. However, research in this area lacks large-scale longitudinal studies, which can reveal symptom trajectories and periods of elevated symptoms. The present study addresses this gap by examining anxiety and depression symptoms in N = 406 female soccer players of different age groups (age: 12-17, n = 206; 18-24, n = 134; ≥ 25, n = 66) from six amateur and five elite clubs in Germany. We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener to assess symptoms at four time points. Aside from calculating symptom prevalences, we employed latent data analysis to examine symptom stability and change over the course of the season. Considerable proportions of players reported symptoms of anxiety (20-30%) and depression (15-25%) above established thresholds. Latent growth models demonstrated largely stable symptoms, with consistent between-person differences. Still, significant linear and quadratic symptom trends were detected, with symptom levels peaking around mid-season. During this period, players might experience increased performance pressure, academic stress, or accumulated physical strain. Our results underscore the importance of regular mental health screenings and targeted interventions, particularly during periods of elevated symptoms. In sum, this study contributes valuable insights into the mental health trajectories of female soccer players and provides practical implications for coaches and sport psychologists aiming to foster mental health among their players.