Indigenous knowledge, cultural practices and conservation of West African native palms (Arecaceae): the case study of the Republic of Benin

Documenting the traditional knowledge and practices (TKP) related to the use and management of natural resources is central to ethnobiology. This study lists the native palm species and associated TKP in a multicultural area in the Republic of Benin. It tests how TKP on native palms varies across ethnic groups and provides ideas to contribute to their conservation and sustainable use. In total, 87 focus groups and 1244 interviews were realized in 239 sites across 38 municipalities, 9 departments and three phytogeographical zones. Data on palm species, uses, threats and conservation practices were analysed with quantitative ethnobotanical tools. Regression models identified socioeconomic drivers of traditional knowledge, and Principal Component Analysis highlighted ethnic variations in palm use. In total, 12 native palms were documented, including the severely threatened Hyphaene guineensis Schumach. & Thonn. reported here for the first time in Benin. Altogether, 246 use-reports were recorded in six use-categories (artisanal, cosmetic, firewood, food, magic, and medicinal). The ethnic group and education level significantly affected TKP, with the Fon group and illiterate respondents as the main craftsmen, reporting the most diseases treated by palm derivatives. Overharvesting, agricultural expansion, human-induced fire, sand quarrying, and urbanization are the main threats to palm stands in Benin. We recommend establishing palm nurseries to implement both in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies, integrating palm species into agroforestry systems, community-managed reserves, and educational landscapes such as botanical gardens and school-based green spaces.