Nutrigenomics in precision livestock and poultry farming: Enhancing productivity, welfare, and sustainability through gene-tailored diets

Nutrigenomics has emerged as a valuable framework for improving precision livestock and poultry production by elucidating how diet interacts with genetic and molecular pathways to shape animal performance, health, product quality, and sustainability. This review provides a structured synthesis of current research on nutrigenomic applications across major livestock and poultry species, focusing on precision feeding, productivity, disease resilience, reproductive performance, environmental efficiency, and product quality. The review followed a structured narrative approach informed by PRISMA 2020 principles and included peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2026 that examined diet-related genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, or epigenetic responses in production animals. The reviewed evidence indicates that nutrigenomics can support improvements in feed efficiency, metabolic adaptation, immune function, and environmental outcomes, particularly when integrated with precision nutrition strategies. The manuscript also highlights emerging technologies that are accelerating progress in the field, including multi-omics platforms, microbiome-informed interventions, epigenetic tools, artificial intelligence-based predictive systems, and genome editing for target validation. Despite these advances, translation into commercial practice remains constrained by limited large-scale validation, inconsistent reporting, cost barriers, and regulatory and societal concerns. Nutrigenomics nonetheless represents a promising pathway toward more efficient, resilient, and sustainable animal production systems.