Abstract
Plutarch in this essay gives advice to a ruler who lacks philosophical training. He suggests that the ruler needs to be aware before all else of the importance of self-control and good character that is the foundation of the effective governance of others. Rulers should fear doing wrong above all. He invokes the example of Epaminondas, who alone kept watch over the walls of Thebes while citizens celebrated at a festival. The broader idea is that the good ruler is one who thinks of the needs and well-being of other citizens first before worrying about their own welfare. In contrast, the tyrant is one whose fear of the subjects increases with their power. Wickedness in power is evident as repeated acts of rage, boastfulness, and vulgarity abound.