Trends in population attributable risk of Clostridioides difficile infection associated with common outpatient antibiotics in Ontario, Canada, 2017–2024

Abstract We evaluated changes in population attributable risk of “4C” antibiotics for community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection in Ontario (2017–2024). Contributions from clindamycin, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones declined, whereas amoxicillin-clavulanate increased and became the leading contributor by 2022, highlighting a potential emerging target for outpatient antimicrobial stewardship.