Abstract
Abstract
Clays, hydrous aluminous phyllosilicates, have a significant impact on the interpretation of physical measurements and properties of porous media. In particular, the presence of paramagnetic and/or ferromagnetic ions like iron, nickel, and magnesium in clays can complicate the analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for porous media characterization. This is due to the internal magnetic field gradient induced by the clay minerals. In this study, we aim to investigate the impact of clay content on spin–spin relaxation time (T2), which is strongly influenced by the pore surface chemistry. Seven rock core plugs, characterized with variable clay content, were used for this purpose. The clay mineralogy and volume were determined by means of quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN). The T2 relaxation time was measured using a Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) sequence with variable echo spacing (TE). The maximum percentage difference in dominant T2 values (MRDT2) between shortest and longest echo spacing was subsequently correlated with clay content obtained from QEMSCAN. Our results show that the reduction in T2 distribution with increasing echo time TE is more significant in samples characterized by higher clay contents. The MRDT2 was found to be strongly correlated with clay content. An analytical equation is presented expressing MRDT2 as a function of clay content providing a quick and non-destructive approach for clay content estimation. Moreover, the MRDT2–clay content relationship showed a nonlinear behavior: MRDT2 increases drastically as the clay content increases up to 15%, beyond which the rate of MRDT2 change with clay content diminishes. This behavior could be attributed to the clay distribution. At higher clay contents (above 15%), it is more likely for clay to form clusters (structural clays), which will not significantly increase the clay surface in contact with the pore fluid. Further, experimental data suggests that ignoring the impact of clay on internal magnetic gradients and T2 signal may result in considerable underestimation of the actual pore size distribution.