Low-pass whole-genome sequencing reveals genomic diversity and ecotype-specific adaptation in indigenous Tigrayan chickens

Abstract Indigenous chickens play a critical role in food security and climate resilience in smallholder systems, yet their genomic diversity and adaptive potential remain insufficiently characterised. This study employed low-pass whole-genome sequencing (LP-WGS; 0.2–1.99×) to investigate genomic diversity, population structure, inbreeding and candidate environment-associated genomic variation in 33 chickens from highland, midland, and lowland agroecologies in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. After imputation and stringent filtering, 23.4 million high-confidence SNPs were retained, including ~ 17% novel variants, indicating substantial uncharacterised genetic diversity in these populations. SNP density (13.8 ± 8.6 SNPs/kb) was comparable to values reported from high-coverage Ethiopian chicken datasets, demonstrating the suitability of LP-WGS for population genomics in resource-limited settings. Marked differences in genomic diversity were observed among ecotypes: midland chickens showed the highest nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00267), followed by lowland (π = 0.00233), whereas highland chickens showed the lowest diversity (π = 0.00203) and elevated genomic inbreeding (F ROH and F HOM ≈ 0.18). Population structure analyses revealed clear genetic separation among ecotypes. PCA (13.91% variation explained) distinguished lowland chickens along PC1 and separated highland from midland along PC2, while ADMIXTURE and F ST patterns supported three major ancestral genomic backgrounds. Functional annotation of private missense variants uncovered distinct adaptive signatures reflecting the contrasting agroecological conditions. Highland chickens showed enrichment of candidate genes potentially involved in physiological processes relevant to high-altitude environments, including cold response, angiogenesis, cardiovascular regulation and metabolic homeostasis (eg., PARP1 , ACOX2 , ITGB3 , EDNRB , SOX8 , and SOX10 ). Midland chickens exhibited candidate signals of selection in genes with known roles in innate antiviral immunity, bacterial defence and inflammatory regulation (eg., BAK1 , CLSTN1 , CYSLTR1 , CYSLTR2 , CXCR7 , GIPR , DSCAM , GDAP1 , TLR3 , TLR4 , TLR7 , IFIH1 , ADORA1 , EPHB1 , and TMPRSS2 ). Lowland chickens displayed candidate variants associated with heat-stress response, DNA damage repair, oxidative balance and cardiovascular support under extreme temperatures (e.g., MLH1 , BDKRB1 , GPR19 , FLT1 , CCL18 , TGM2, and RAMP3 ). Overall, the results indicate substantial genomic differentiation among ecotypes and suggest candidate environment-associated genetic divergence across Tigray’s diverse agroecological zones. These populations may represent important reservoirs of adaptive genetic variation for climate-resilient poultry breeding, warranting further functional validation and conservation-oriented management.