Potential of machine learning for prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: a scoping review

Background Neglected Tropical Diseases disproportionately affect populations in Africa and other low- and middle-income countries. Machine learning has potential to improve disease prediction, detection and control, but its use in neglected tropical disease research remains poorly characterized. This scoping review examines the current landscape of machine learning applications for neglected tropical diseases in Africa, identifying trends, gaps and opportunities for future research and implementation.Methods We conducted a scoping review using Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. PubMed and cited references were searched for studies applying machine learning to neglected tropical diseases in Africa. After screening and eligibility assessment, 77 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis.Results Here we show that most studies focus on schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases. Geo-risk prediction is the most common application while a few studies address disease detection and none focus on drug discovery or intervention optimization. Tree-based and Maximum Entropy models are the most frequently used and commonly reported as best performing. Most studies use small datasets. African institutional leadership, open sharing of data and source code, engagement of programmatic and policy stakeholders, and deployment of models in real-world settings remain limited.Conclusions Machine learning research for neglected tropical diseases in Africa remains concentrated in a few diseases and applications, with limited translation into practice. Greater investment in local capacity building, equitable collaborations, open data sharing, transfer learning, deployment-focused research, and standardized machine learning workflows could enhance the real-world impact of machine learning for neglected tropical diseases control and elimination.