From rest to eruption: How we should anticipate volcanic eruptions

Abstract Volcanic eruptions are typically preceded by unrest, marked by increased seismicity, ground deformation, and gas emissions. Unrest can last from decades to minutes. Accurate eruption forecasting relies on real-time monitoring and understanding the volcano’s past behavior. Long-term hazard assessments, combined with real-time data, help identify probable eruptive scenarios (short-term hazard assessment), improving forecasting during volcanic crises.