Abstract
Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) belong to a family of proteins overexpressed in a variety of human cancers which inhibit apoptosis in response to a number of stimuli including chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. To better understand the role of these polypeptides in modulating the response of cancer cells to ionizing radiation we used cell lines that were engineered to overexpress the two polypeptides. Although Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) overexpression resulted in inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis, it did not result in enhanced clonogenic survival. Consistent with this was the observation that Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) protected cells from DNA fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase activation for up to 72 hours after irradiation. Beyond 72 hours, there was a rapid loss in the ability of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) to inhibit these markers of apoptosis. When Bcl-X(L) was analyzed at 72 hours after irradiation and beyond, a rapid accumulation of a 16-kDa form of Bcl-X(L) was observed. To test the hypothesis that cleavage of the 29-kDa form of Bcl-X(L) by caspases to a 16-kDa polypeptide results in its inability to inhibit apoptosis beyond 72 hours, we constructed a cell line that overexpressed a caspase-resistant form of Bcl-X(L) (Bcl-X(L)-deltaloop). Cells overexpressing Bcl-X(L)-deltaloop were resistant to apoptosis beyond 72 hours after irradiation and did not contain the 16-kDa form at these time points. In addition, Bcl-X(L)-deltaloop overexpression resulted in enhanced clonogenic survival compared with control or Bcl-X(L) overexpressing cells. These results provide a molecular basis for the observation that expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-X(L) is not a prognostic marker of tumor response to cancer therapy.