Abstract
Intensity urbanization and human activity have resulted in thermal environmental degradation in many cities. As one of Indonesia's largest urban regions, Special Capital Region of Jakarta is a high population density and economy-intensive area, which can amplify urban heat and reduce thermal comfort. This research is examining the spatio-temporal thermal comfort pattern in Jakarta using the temperature humidity index TH) in 2015, 2020, and 2025. An integration of land surface temperature (LST) derived from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery and relative humidity (RH) data from NASA POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources) was used in a quantitative descriptive study along with spatial analysis. LST was calculated by using Google Earth Engine and RH data were interpolated by ordinary kriging method before the calculation of THI. The results exhibit spatio-temporal trends of the thermal condition in the studied area. Thermally uncomfortable (>27°C) THI zones covered 94.94% of Jakarta in 2015, declined to 81.22% in 2020, and rose once more to 96.69% in 2025. These outcomes demonstrate ongoing thermal discomfort and the need for sustainable urban planning and heat reduction strategies to improve environmental quality and human health in large cities.