Abstract
Abstract
Lumbar disc herniation is one of the main causes of root pain and disability in the adult population, with a significant impact on the healthcare system and labor productivity. Initial management is predominantly conservative, but a portion of patients may evolve with refractory symptoms or progressive neurological deficit, requiring surgical intervention. Over the past few decades, minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic surgery, have revolutionized treatment with less tissue damage, accelerated recovery, and lower complication rates. This article reviews the evolution of surgical techniques, highlighting comparative evidence among them and the emerging role of new technologies.