Dual-targeted nanotechnology for gynaecological cancers: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and clinical potential

Background Ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers have been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women, often resulting from late diagnosis, resistance to therapies and off-target toxicity of conventional therapies.Discussion The review discusses recent progress in the development of dual-targeted nanocarrier systems in gynaecologic oncology, relying on peer-reviewed publications in scientific databases published within the past decade. Applications of these systems are also discussed in terms of the potential to improve the selectivity and therapeutic efficiency of tumour therapy. Major available evidence is based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. Clinical translation is in its early-phase trials, suggesting clinical validation in gynaecologic oncology remains in its infancy. The most important challenges in translation are scalable manufacturing, long-term safety, biological complexity and regulatory challenges.Conclusion This review describes the prevailing situation and constraints of dual-targeted nanotechnology, focusing on possible applications in the development of more accurate and individualized therapies for gynaecologic cancers.