Abstract
This study evaluates the performance of recycled denim fabrics containing different proportions of recycled cotton under a systematic multi-stage industrial washing sequence. Four denim fabrics were examined: one 100% organic-cotton control fabric and three recycled fiber containing fabrics with different proportions of pre-consumer and post-consumer recycled cotton. Fabrics were subjected to four industrial washing conditions: unwashed (UW), rinse (R), enzymatic washing with pumice stone after rinsing (RE), and enzymatic washing followed by hypochlorite bleaching (REH). Physical, mechanical, and comfort-related properties, including mass per unit area, thickness, tensile strength, tear strength, elongation, bending rigidity, abrasion resistance, and air permeability were measured and analyzed. The results demonstrate that both fiber composition and washing treatment significantly influence the performance of denim fabrics. Fabrics containing recycled fibers exhibited lower tensile and tear strength, with the reductions being particularly evident in fabrics containing post-consumer recycled cotton. These findings provide a realistic evaluation of the use of pre-consumer and post-consumer recycled cotton under multi-stage industrial washing conditions. Beyond confirming the influence of recycled content on fabric performance, the study shows how different recycled waste source compositions respond to multi-staged washing treatments and provides practical guidance for selecting suitable washing routes for recycled denim fabrics.