Abstract
Abstract
Driven by advances in flexible electronics, microfabrication, and artificial intelligence, bioacoustics is revolutionizing sensing and signal processing across health, ecology, and intelligent systems. This review systematically examines key progress in high-performance acoustic sensors (e.g., piezoelectric, triboelectric, MEMS) and acquisition schemes for multi-scale biological sounds, ranging from heart tones to plant stress emissions. Furthermore, we delve into advanced methodologies for acoustic signal preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification, with a particular emphasis on the powerful analytical capabilities of multimodal data fusion and deep learning algorithms in complex real-world scenarios. Crucially, although the sensing requirements and biological targets vary drastically across medical, ecological, and agricultural domains, this review establishes a unifying framework centered on the shared physical and algorithmic challenges of bioacoustic information flow. By juxtaposing these diverse fields, the potential strategies for the interdisciplinary integration of sensing methodologies are highlighted. We also critically assess the essential roles of acoustic physical modeling, standardized testing frameworks, and gold-standard databases in evaluating system performance. Finally, the review highlights cutting-edge applications of bioacoustics in human health monitoring, medical diagnostics, human-computer interaction, and precision agriculture. By synthesizing current technological convergences and outlining future trajectories, we provide a comprehensive perspective on the promising directions and pivotal challenges facing bioacoustics research.