Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Animals, Foods of Animal Origin, and the Environment of Animal Production in Canada, 1994-1997

The purpose of our study was to determine the occurrence, magnitude, trends, and relationships regarding antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from animals, animal food products, and the environment of animals. We examined 621 strains of 67 different serovars isolated in 1994, 721 strains of 75 different serovars isolated in 1995, 1,219 strains of 83 different serovars isolated in 1996, and 1,336 Salmonella strains of 92 different serovars isolated in 1997, for resistance to 17 antibiotics at one to three different concentrations with the agar dilution method. The overall resistance magnitude regressed from 9.2% in 1994 to 8.1% in 1997. Resistance to streptomycin (30.4% of 3,897 isolates), tetracycline (27.3%), and sulfisoxazole (23.7%) was highest. Resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and gentamicin declined during the 4-year period. Notable increases in resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin occurred during the 1994-1997 years. None of the isolates was resistant to amikacin. None of the isolates was resistant to ciprofloxacin at 1, 2, and 4 µg/ml. Salmonella bredeney isolates from turkeys showed a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and were resistant at the low level of 0.125 µg/ml, but none of these isolates was resistant at 1 µg/ml. Resistance to nalidixic acid correlated significantly with decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin; 122 of 127 (96%) isolates resistant to nalidixic acid at 32 µg/ml were resistant to ciprofloxacin at 0.125 µg/ml but sensitive at 1 µg/ml. Resistance to S. typhimurium to each of the seven antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline increased persistently during each of the years 1994-1997, but none of the S. typhimurium isolates showed decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Clinical isolates of Salmonella were twice as frequently resistant to the antimicrobials in the test panel than isolates obtained during surveys. Salmonella isolates from turkeys were more frequently resistant than isolates from pigs, cattle, and chickens.