Abstract
Background:
We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early analgesic interventions, particularly NSAIDs versus opioids, in reducing pain and improving clinical outcomes among adults with AP.
Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov from database/registry inception to December 2025 to obtain relevant data. Randomized controlled trials involving adults aged 18 years or older diagnosed with AP, irrespective of the etiology and severity, who were administered analgesics (opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, epidural anesthesia, local anesthesia, and paracetamol) and compared with placebo, conventional treatment, or another analgesic modality were included in this review. The primary outcome assessed was pain reduction. The secondary outcomes assessed were the need for rescue analgesia, length of hospital stay, complications (local and/or systemic), mortality, and adverse drug effects. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0. Effect estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis (DerSimonian-Laird approach), while nonpooled outcomes were summarized narratively.
Results:
A total of 13 studies were included in the analysis. NSAIDs provided pain relief comparable to opioids, with a lower incidence of local complications (RR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37–0.94). No significant differences in the need for rescue analgesia (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.33–2.35), length of hospital stay (MD: −2.68 d, 95% CI: −6.27 to 0.91), mortality (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.19–3.05), and adverse drug effects (RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.17–1.76) were observed. However, the findings are limited by study bias and heterogeneity.
Conclusion:
Early analgesia with NSAIDs has efficacy and safety comparable to opioids in adults with AP, with the advantage of reducing local complications.