Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) are rising rapidly in Sub‐Saharan Africa. In Guinea‐Bissau, nationwide data are scarce. We aimed to estimate the multi‐regional prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and hypertension and examine associated risk factors within this resource‐limited context.
Methods
A multi‐regional cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a hybrid community‐ and facility‐based sampling approach across urban Bissau, including at the National Diabetes Clinic [CND] and in seven interior regions of the country. Recruitment was conducted between August 3th 2022 and June 8th 2024 across these sites. After a verified 12‐h fast, participants underwent capillary glucose, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or previous diagnosis; prediabetes as 110–125 mg/dL; obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; and hypertension as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with diabetes.
Results
Among 3929 participants, with median age 41 years, the overall raw diabetes prevalence was 20.8% (817/3929), with 30% being newly screen‐detected. The T2D prevalence at the specialized CND was 22.8% (342/1502), compared to 18.0% (174/969) in community settings outside health facilities in Bissau. The prediabetes prevalence was 9.1%; while the obesity prevalence was 14.8%, disproportionately affecting more women, at 20.7% vs. 9.1% in men; and the prevalence of hypertension was exceptionally high at 40.4%. In the multivariable model, key risk drivers included age ≥ 55 years (OR 14.0, 95% CI: 8.57–22.9), family history (OR 3.78, 3.02–4.74), Fula ethnicity (OR 2.47, 1.73–3.53), and low physical activity (OR 1.44, 1.17–1.78).
Conclusions
Guinea‐Bissau faces a critical, underreported burden of metabolic and cardiovascular NCDs, particularly T2D and hypertension. Given the recruitment pathways, the overall prevalence reflects a high‐risk baseline that warrants cautious national extrapolation. Urgent, context‐specific public health strategies and decentralized clinical guidelines are required to manage these chronic conditions amidst severe structural resource constraints.