Abstract
Introduction
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a proven, low-cost intervention to reduce neonatal mortality, yet its coverage remains limited in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including India. In this study, we examined the impact of scaling up KMC in India on distribution of health and financial outcomes using an extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA) framework.
Methods
Building on primary data from a randomised controlled trial (RCT), we modelled the health and financial outcomes of scaling up KMC to 95% coverage nationally. We estimated lives saved, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted, out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) averted and cases of catastrophic healthcare expenditure prevented. Estimates were disaggregated by socioeconomic quintiles and geography. We used deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our findings.
Results
Scaling up KMC in India could save around 26 000 neonatal lives annually, avert approximately 1.6 million DALYs, reduce OOPE by around US$13 million and prevent an estimated 57 000 households from experiencing catastrophic health expenditures. Three-fourths of the benefits would be concentrated in the lowest two socioeconomic quintiles. Six high-burden states, including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, accounted for 90% of the health and financial gains. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranged from 0.08 to 0.17 times gross domestic product per capita for India across different quintiles. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed scaling up KMC would be cost-effective in 97.8% of simulations.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that scaling up KMC is cost-effective and can reduce health inequities, particularly benefiting the lowest socioeconomic groups and high-burden states. Incorporating geographical disaggregation and using primary RCT data into ECEA enhance its utility for informing evidence-based, equity-focused health policies in LMICs.