The Geometry of Ambiguity in One-Dimensional Phase Retrieval

We consider the geometry associated to the ambiguities of the one-dimensional Fourier phase retrieval problem for vectors in $\mathbb{C}^{N+1}$. Our first result states that the space of signals has a finite covering (which we call the root covering) where any two signals in the covering space with the same Fourier intensity function differ by a trivial covering ambiguity. Next we use the root covering to study how the nontrivial ambiguities of a signal vary as the signal varies. This is done by describing the incidence variety of pairs of signals with the same Fourier intensity function modulo global phase. As an application, we give a criterion for a real subvariety of the space of signals to admit generic phase retrieval. The extension of this result to multivectors played an important role in the author's work with Bendory and Eldar on blind phaseless short-time Fourier transform recovery.