Abstract
Low-voltage distribution systems (LVDS) in rapidly growing Sub-Saharan African cities frequently experience severe phase imbalance, voltage deviations, and high technical losses due to overloaded and poorly balanced feeders. Despite the increasing availability of advanced optimization techniques, their application to real low-voltage networks in developing countries remains limited. This study investigates the impact of an unbalanced three-phase optimal power flow (OPF) framework on the power quality and operational performance of a real low-voltage distribution network located in Kamalondo, Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo). The network model was parameterized using field measurements collected between September and December 2024. The optimization problem was formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model and solved using the interior point method implemented in Pandapower. The proposed framework simultaneously minimizes active power losses and mitigates phase imbalance while respecting voltage and thermal operating constraints. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in network performance. The minimum phase-to-neutral voltage increased from 198 V to 210 V, while the maximum voltage decreased from 232 V to 226 V, improving compliance with power quality standards. The maximum current phase was reduced by 15%, and total active power losses decreased by 30%. Furthermore, the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) was reduced from 8% to 3% through optimized phase allocation and power redistribution. These results demonstrate that unbalanced three-phase OPF constitutes an effective and practical solution for improving power quality, reducing technical losses, and enhancing the operational reliability of heavily loaded low-voltage networks in developing urban environments.