Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Left atrial (LA) stiffening augments the LA V wave, pressurizing the pulmonary artery (PA) out of proportion to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. We characterized the pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and clinical implications of LA stiffening, as defined by prominent V waves, in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
METHODS:
In this retrospective cohort study, patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and less than moderate mitral regurgitation at rest underwent invasive hemodynamic exercise testing. Patients with heightened operant LA stiffening were defined by the PA wedge pressure (PAWP) V wave exceeding mean PAWP by ≥10 mm Hg. A previously used formula for V wave–corrected PAWP was validated against the PAWP waveform pressure-time-area to explore impact of the V wave on transpulmonary pressure gradients. Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and outcome data were compared for patients with and without prominent V waves.
RESULTS:
Compared with patients without prominent V waves (n=844, 79%), those with prominent V waves (n=225, 21%) were older and more likely to be women, with more severe LA myopathy, evidenced by greater LA volume index (42.2±15.0 versus 32.5±13.0 mL/m
2
,
P
P
P
P
P
P
=0.950). Incorporating the V wave into PAWP improved correlation between directly measured PAWP pressure-time integral compared with mid–A wave PAWP (R
2
=0.96 versus R
2
=0.86,
P
P
P
CONCLUSIONS:
More than 1 in 5 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction display prominent V waves in excess of end-diastolic PAWP. This augments right ventricular afterload due to backward transmission of the V wave, contributing to right heart failure that is independent of the pulmonary vasculature. Failure to account for the V wave during hemodynamic assessment overestimates the severity of pulmonary vascular disease present.