Abstract
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuroinflammation influenced by genetic and immune dysregulation. Seven proposed AD risk genes (
CACNA2D3, EPB41L2, INPP5D, MYO1F, RBM47, SSH2, TBXAS1)
have been identified, but their associations with the immune microenvironment (IME) remain unclear.
Objective
This study investigates associations between these genes and the neuroimmune landscape in AD.
Methods
Integrative transcriptomic and regulatory network analysis was performed using the GSE53697 dataset (9 AD and 8 control samples) from the GEO. Immune cell enrichment scores and pathway activity were evaluated using single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA), and enriched pathways were identified through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Upstream regulatory associations were explored by constructing miRNA-mRNA and transcription factor regulatory networks, and correlations between the risk genes and established AD-related genes were assessed using public databases.
Results
AD samples showed immune dysregulation, including reduced dendritic cell ssGSEA scores. All seven risk genes correlated with immune cell subsets and immunomodulatory molecules. Enrichment analysis revealed inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, IL-17, TNF, MAPK, and Notch, suggesting potential links to neuroinflammation and neuronal signaling disruption. Upstream analysis identified 85 miRNAs and several transcription factor motifs annotated to HOXA13, ESRRA, and SNAI1/2/3. Correlation analysis further revealed associations between risk genes and AD-related genes, placing these genes within established AD pathological networks in an exploratory manner.
Conclusions
This exploratory study provides insights into how AD risk genes are associated with the IME and may be linked to neuroinflammatory pathways and neuronal function, providing hypotheses for future studies of immune-genetic crosstalk in AD pathogenesis.