Abstract
Condensation of sperm chromatin occurs after spermatozoa have left the caput epididymis and are in transit to the cauda epididymis, during which time large numbers of disulfide bonds are formed. The formation of these disulfide bonds requires the repeated oxidation of the cofactor, NAD(P)H. To date, the means by which this oxidation is achieved has yet to be elucidated. Spermatozoa lose the bulk of their cytoplasm prior to leaving the testis; and, as a result, any shuttle systems for removing and transferring reducing equivalents into the mitochondria are unlikely to be operational. In an apparent preparation for the loss of cytoplasm, however, the following events occur during spermatogenesis. First, androgen-binding protein (ABP) is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis; second, high affinity binding sites for ABP are inserted into the membrane surrounding the nucleus; and third, a nuclear location is acquired for the enzyme, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD). We propose that after the loss of cytoplasm, the nuclear region of spermatozoa is directly accessible to constituents contained in the lumen of the caput epididymis. As a consequence, luminal ABP attaches itself to the nuclear membrane via its binding sites, and is internalized. After internalization, ABP exerts its principle function, which is to bind to luminal 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), thereby ensuring its availability to the enzyme, 3alpha-HSD. In the conversion of 5alpha-DHT to 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-Diol), NAD(P)H is oxidized. Spermatozoa that reach the cauda epididymis have fully condensed chromatin. In addition, the nuclear region retains appreciable amounts of 5alpha-DHT and 3alpha-Diol, both bound to ABP. During fertilization, the bound 3alpha-Diol is converted back to 5alpha-DHT, reducing equivalents are transferred to NAD(P)+, and disulfide bonds are broken.IVF clinics report that spermatozoa with incompletely condensed chromatin have a low percentage of fertilization. If our proposed mechanism for chromatin condensation/decondensation is borne out by further research, IVF clinics might consider preincubating spermatozoa with 5alpha-DHT in order to increase the efficiency of fertilization.