Ultrasound triggered microbubbles enhance the diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer

Abstract As an emerging integrated diagnostic and therapeutic platform, ultrasound-triggered microbubbles (UTMBs) have demonstrated significant potential in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). This article introduces the different types of UTMBs, including micron-sized bubbles, nanobubbles, and nanodroplets) and describes their respective structural characteristics. These characteristics directly influence the behavior and function of UTMBs in vivo. The mechanisms underlying UTMB-mediated tumor therapy are systematically summarized, including physical effects (such as cavitation, acoustic streaming, and thermal effects), modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and synergistic interactions with therapeutic agents. In addition, the diagnostic applications of UTMBs in CRC are discussed, including contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging, molecular marker detection, and monitoring of treatment response. The potential applications of UTMBs in chemotherapy sensitization, immunotherapy synergy, and gene therapy are further highlighted. Finally, the challenges and limitations of UTMBs in CRC diagnosis and treatment are analyzed, and future development directions are outlined. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference and guidance for further research and clinical translation.