Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the effects of pyramidal and reverse pyramidal loading on spine and pelvis coordination patterns and their variability during deadlift.
Methods
Twelve trained male powerlifters performed deadlifts under two loading protocols: pyramidal (50%, 70%, 90% of 10RM) and reverse pyramidal (same loads in descending order). Segmental coordination (PL–LB, LB–LT, LT–UT) was analyzed using 3D motion capture and a modified vector coding method across concentric and eccentric phases. Coordination pattern frequencies and variability were statistically assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM).
Results
In-phase coordination patterns were dominant in the PL–LB and LB–LT couplings across all intensities. However, pyramidal loading led to increased distal dominance and reduced proximal contribution, particularly at 90% intensity. Significant differences in coordination patterns were observed between the two loading strategies, while coordination variability did not differ significantly.
Conclusion
Pyramidal loading imposes greater neuromechanical demands on trunk segments, increasing the risk of coordination breakdown and potential injury in distal spinal regions. Reverse pyramidal loading may offer a safer alternative for high-load resistance training. Further research is warranted under maximal or fatigue-inducing conditions.