Abstract
Abstract Background Children’s toys are intended to promote play and development but may also act as sources of chemical exposure. Because of frequent hand-to-mouth behavior, close physical contact, and immature detoxification systems, children are particularly vulnerable to toxic substances used in toy materials. Despite regulatory controls, increasing evidence over the past two decades indicates that hazardous chemicals remain present in children’s toys. This review aims to (i) identify the major toxic chemicals reported in children’s toys, (ii) synthesize evidence on exposure pathways and associated health effects, with emphasis on neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and endocrine outcomes, and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of existing national and international toy safety regulations. Methods A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify relevant English-language publications published between January 2000 and March 2025. Search terms included combinations of keywords related to children’s toys, chemical composition, toxic metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, exposure pathways, health outcomes, and toy safety regulations. A total of 760 records were initially identified through database searches and manual screening of reference lists. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 110 studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Eligible sources comprised peer-reviewed experimental, epidemiological, and risk-assessment studies, as well as authoritative regulatory and policy reports. Findings were synthesized thematically, without formal meta-analysis or quantitative risk-of-bias scoring. Results Across the included studies, phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), lead, cadmium, and flame retardants emerged as the most frequently reported hazardous substances in children’s toys. Elevated concentrations were particularly common in low-cost, imported, or counterfeit products. Multiple studies documented chemical levels exceeding regulatory limits, while biomonitoring and exposure assessments linked toy-related exposure to adverse health outcomes such as reduced intelligence quotient (IQ), behavioral disorders, endocrine disruption, and organ toxicity. The evidence further highlighted substantial variability in regulatory coverage and enforcement across regions, with globalized supply chains and online markets contributing to continued circulation of non-compliant products. Conclusion This review demonstrates that, despite regulatory progress, toxic chemical exposure from children’s toys remains a persistent public health concern. Current regulatory frameworks have reduced certain risks but are undermined by enforcement gaps, inconsistent international standards, and emerging chemical substitutes with limited toxicological evaluation. Strengthened global harmonization of toy safety regulations, improved market surveillance, and greater emphasis on safer material substitution are essential to better protect children’s health.