Abstract
Abstract
Background
Oncolytic viruses are promising cancer biotherapies but often show limited durability as single agents due to tumor-intrinsic resistance mechanisms. Because therapeutic efficacy is shaped by dynamic virus–tumor–stromal interactions, pharmacologic strategies that reprogram this interface may enhance virotherapy responses. Here, we investigate whether targeting tumor stress and survival pathways with triptolide and its prodrug Minnelide can enhance the oncolytic efficacy of measles virus in colorectal cancer.
Methods
The in vitro effects of CD46 targeted (MV-GFP) and dual targeted (MV-CD46-muPA) oncolytic MV, alone and with Triptolide were assessed in human CRC cell lines. Mechanistic studies included gene expression analysis, functional proteomics, and western blotting. In vivo efficacy of MV-CD46-muPA combined with Minnelide was evaluated in HT29 and HCT116 xenografts. Biological effects were further characterized using transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq), targeted gene expression (NanoString), and histological analysis.
Results
Triptolide enhanced MV mediated oncolysis in vitro, particularly in BRAF V600E mutant CRC cell lines, and modulated key cancer pathways including AKT, apoptosis and metabolism. In vivo, Minnelide significantly improved the efficacy of systemically administered MV-CD46-muPA in human CRC xenografts, with greater effects in BRAF mutant (HT29) models. The combination modulated cell cycle, metabolism, and survival associated genes, promoted apoptosis, and improved intratumoral viral distribution. These molecular effects resulted in reduced tumor cell proliferation (Ki67), decreased angiogenesis (CD31), and increased apoptosis (TUNEL) relative to single agents.
Conclusion
Triptolide and Minnelide significantly enhance the oncolytic efficacy of measles virus in colorectal cancer, particularly in BRAF-mutant tumors in vivo, through reprogramming of virus–tumor–stromal interactions. This reprogramming arises from coordinated modulation of survival, metabolic, and stromal signaling pathways and is accompanied by improved intratumoral viral distribution. These findings position virus–tumor–stromal crosstalk as a central mechanistic axis of virotherapy response and provide a strong rationale for the translational and clinical development of rational virus–drug combination strategies in colorectal cancer and other malignancies.