Abstract
Background. Mandibular third molar extraction is common in young adults, including athletes participating in contact and combat sports. Removal of an impacted tooth creates a bone defect in the mandibular angle, which may be enlarged by osteotomy and exposed to direct trauma. Although postoperative mandibular fracture is rare, temporary reduction in local bone resistance may be clinically relevant when planning return to sport.
Aim. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on recovery after impacted mandibular third molar extraction, focusing on bone healing, postoperative mandibular vulnerability, and return to contact sports.
Results. Postoperative outcomes are influenced by patient-related, anatomical, and surgical factors, including age, sex, systemic health, medication use, impaction depth and angulation, local bone pathology, surgeon experience, surgical technique, and extent of bone removal. Reported fractures are associated particularly with male sex, older age, complete impaction, preexisting bone lesions, and extensive osteotomy. Most occur during the first four postoperative weeks, when socket healing is incomplete and mandibular resistance may remain reduced. Published cases mainly involve functional loading, such as chewing or clenching, whereas contact sports add the risk of direct mandibular impact. Sport type, contact level, training intensity, protective equipment, and maxillofacial trauma risk should therefore be considered.
Conclusions. Return to contact and combat sports should be individualized and not based solely on resolution of pain, swelling, trismus, or bleeding. Clinical recovery may precede restoration of bone resistance. Surgical difficulty, healing course, temporary mandibular vulnerability, and sport-specific trauma exposure should guide a gradual return to training and competition. Further studies are needed to establish evidence-based, sport-specific recommendations.