Abstract
Introduction. Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) plays a crucial role in addressing global healthcare challenges, including physician shortages, aging populations, and the rising burden of chronic diseases. As highly trained professionals, APNs enhance healthcare access and quality across diverse settings.
Aim. The aim of this study is to provide a concise comparative analysis of the development and integration of Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) roles between 2015 and 2025 in six countries - the United States, Australia, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia.
Material and methods. This study employed a descriptive comparative design based on a structured literature review. Data were collected from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases using the keyword “Advanced Practice Nursing” combined with six countries:
the United States, Australia, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia. Publications from 2015 to 2025 were screened and selected according to inclusion criteria. The analysis focused on four key dimensions: educational pathways, regulatory and legal frameworks, scope of practice, and health system integration.
Results. Countries like the United States and Australia have mature APN frameworks with full practice authority and clear educational pathways. In contrast, France, Poland, Japan, and Indonesia are at varying stages of APN development, often limited by restrictive legislation, fragmented training systems, or lack of professional recognition. Common challenges include role ambiguity, insufficient funding, and resistance from medical bodies.
Conclusions. APN implementation varies globally, with the United States and Australia leading the way, France is implementing reforms , while Poland, Japan, and Indonesia remain in the early stages. Key barriers include lack of clear regulation, limited awareness, medical resistance, and insufficient funding. Further comparative research and the development of international standards in APN education and regulation are needed.