Abstract
Background and objectives: We present a new Finite Element (FE) tongue model that was designed to precisely account for 3D tongue shapes produced during isolated French speech sounds by a male individual (RS). Such a high degree of realism will enable scientists to precisely and quantitatively assess, in a speaker-specific manner, hypotheses about speech motor control and the impact of tongue anatomy, muscle arrangements, and tongue dynamics in this context.
Methods: The shape and topology of the FE model were generated from 3D high resolution orofacial MR images of RS having his tongue in “neutral” posture. Mesh density was determined with convergence and mesh quality analyses. In a first step, muscle anatomy in the tongue was determined based on existing literature, and, in a second step, it was refined and evaluated by comparing actual and simulated 3D tongue shapes for various French speech sounds.
Results: Results are twofold. Firstly, a functional organization of the Genioglossus muscle into 4 parts is proposed which, on the one hand, is compatible with anatomical observations of the human tongue, and, on the other hand, goes beyond this anatomical account to faithfully reproduce the 3D tongue shape observed for RS in vowel /i/. Secondly, the realism of this implementation is demonstrated by the good match obtained for other isolated French sounds between actual and simulated tongue shapes. These simulations also inform us about the recruitment of tongue muscles for the main French speech sounds. Recruitment patterns are consistent with findings from the literature including both EMG measurements and model-based simulations.
Conclusion: The new model is made freely available, along with the data. Combined with mathematical tools that transform the tongue model cloning RS tongue into other models that account for the morphology of various individuals, the model can be a powerful tool to investigate healthy and pathological speech from various perspectives.